悠悠乐英语 business English English idioms 写作训练 2021-06-19

Business English Writing: Grammar, exercises and vocabulary for business communication by Masterclass International School国际商学院商务英语写作：商务交际语法、练习和词汇

exercises and vocabulary for business communication Introduction Organization of The Text
导言正文的组织
Some Observations About Language
关于语言的一些观察
British English, American English and Other Varieties of English
英式英语、美式英语和其他英语变体
Chapter 1 EMPLOYEES TEAM BUILDING
第一章员工队伍建设
Chapter 2 EMPLOYEES STAFF MOTIVATION
第二章员工激励
Chapter 3 COMPANIES START-UPS
第三章公司创业
Chapter 4 ACTIVITIES MARKETING
第四章营销活动
Chapter 5 INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION NEGOTIATION
第五章跨文化交际谈判
Chapter 6 PEOPLE MONEY
第六章人与钱
Chapter 7 PEOPLE STRATEGIES
第七章人才战略
Chapter 8 PEOPLE SUCCESS
第八章人的成功
Chapter 9 PEOPLE JOBS
第九章人员工作
Chapter 10 COMPANIES TRENDS
第十章公司趋势
Chapter 11 ACTIVITIES DISCUSSING ISSUES
第11章讨论问题的活动
Chapter 12 ACTIVITIES DESCRIBING PEOPLE AND THINGS Appendix 1 Appendix 2
第12章描述人和事的活动附录1附录2
Introduction
介绍

Before working on this new Business English Writing text, I asked myself several questions, two or three of which surfaced more than others in my mind, causing doubts and perplexities. The first question concerned what exactly I should offer the reader in the book, while the second asked how I could organize the material to create a dynamic and above all useful text. My passion for the subject, supported by the need to provide new perspectives for study and linguistic reflection to the student, led me to justify the preparation of Business English Writing, which fits into the panorama of English teaching for purposes special and, in particular, business English. In the current working landscape, although characterized by a difficult economic situation, English continues to maintain its role as an international language, used for international trade and for many other activities related to the business world. Therefore, today’s students will certainly continue to have to do with business English and especially those who will have the “luck” to work in a company or in a reality where it is necessary to use the language of specialty with a certain ease. Business English Writing can be more generally a valid reference tool also for those who want to improve their skills in the micro-language of business, driven by the professional opportunities that the knowledge of English offers, thus keeping their English updated where it already represents a precious daily work tool.
在写这篇新的商务英语写作课文之前，我问了自己几个问题，其中两三个问题在我脑海中浮现得比其他问题更多，引起了怀疑和困惑。第一个问题是我到底应该在书中给读者提供什么，而第二个问题是我如何组织材料来创造一个动态的，最重要的是有用的文本。我对这门学科的热情，加上需要为学生提供新的学习视角和语言反思，使我有理由准备商务英语写作，它符合英语教学的全貌，特别是商务英语。在目前的工作环境中，尽管经济形势困难，英语仍然保持着作为国际语言的作用，用于国际贸易和与商业世界有关的许多其他活动。因此，今天的学生一定会继续学习商务英语，尤其是那些有“运气”在公司工作或在现实生活中需要轻松使用专业语言的学生。一般来说，商务英语写作也是一种有效的参考工具，对于那些希望在英语知识提供的专业机会的推动下提高自己在商务微观语言方面的技能的人来说，这样就可以使他们的英语保持最新，因为它已经是一种宝贵的日常工作工具。
Therefore, Business English Writing is not configured as a text for a limited audience. My work has focused on the search for material suitable above all for people whose knowledge of the business-economic world is still limited, in the process of being trained and who, precisely for this reason, do not necessarily have to sectorise their linguistic knowledge at this stage (pre- experienced learners). But even for those who already work professionally (managers, accountants, consultants and other specialists), I can believe that they will find a stimulating material, useful for deepening the business language outside of those technicalities that (probably) they already know because they are an integral part of the their job (job-experienced learners). The activities and exercises present in the various units seek to stimulate the student not so much to theoretical language learning, but to active communication in English and to reflection on the issues of greatest interest for modern businesses.
因此，商务英语写作并不是针对有限读者的文本。我的工作重点是寻找最适合那些对商业经济世界的知识仍然有限的人的材料，这些人正在接受培训，正是因为这个原因，他们在这个阶段不一定要对自己的语言知识进行分类（有经验的学习者）。但即使是那些已经从事专业工作的人（经理、会计师、顾问和其他专家），我相信他们会找到一份令人振奋的材料，有助于在他们已经知道的专业知识之外深化商业语言，因为他们是他们工作的一个组成部分（有工作经验的学习者）。各单元的活动和练习不只是为了激发学生学习理论语言，而是为了用英语进行积极的交流和思考现代企业最感兴趣的问题。

商务英语写作训练

Organization of The Text
文本的组织
Business English Writing is divided into twelve units inspired by the company and the human resources that work in it, taking into consideration the globalized reality in which we live today. Each unit focuses on a topic (new businesses, personnel management, marketing, negotiation and so on), at the basis of which there is a newspaper, magazine or specialized website article. This is followed by a range of activities related to the development of the four language skills, although greater attention has been paid to oral skills (especially the development of the speaking skill). Therefore, the activities of the various units revolve around the initial article, often accompanied by a glossary of different types (more or less complete according to the purposes required by the related activities). The new words are inserted in the exercises and in the example sentences (in the part called grammar revision) to encourage the student to acquire a more natural acquisition of the new lexicon. Most of the units focus on a grammatical topic providing a brief reference to theory, followed by a series of related exercises, which are still useful for linguistic reasoning and consolidation of the proposed structures.
商务英语写作分为12个单元，灵感来自于公司和人力资源，并考虑到我们今天生活的全球化现实。每个单位围绕一个主题（新业务、人事管理、市场营销、谈判等），在此基础上有报纸、杂志或专业网站的文章。接下来是一系列与四种语言技能发展相关的活动，尽管人们更加关注口语技能（尤其是口语技能的发展）。因此，各单位的活动都是围绕着第一条展开的，往往附有不同类型的词汇表（根据相关活动所要求的目的，或多或少是完整的）。在练习和例句中插入生词（在语法复习部分），鼓励学生更自然地掌握新词汇。大部分单元集中在一个语法主题上，提供了一个简短的理论参考，然后是一系列相关的练习，这些练习对于语言推理和巩固所提议的结构仍然是有用的。
The text also presents a series of supplementary activities, mostly related to listening skills. Practical links to the articles are provided in many of the proposed units and in this the student’s personal initiative can also contribute significantly to improving their oral comprehension skills.
课文还介绍了一系列的辅助活动，主要与听力技巧有关。许多推荐的单元都提供了与文章的实用链接，学生的个人主动性也有助于提高他们的口语理解能力。
Some Observations About Language
关于语言的一些观察
When studying a language, especially at an advanced level, it is necessary to consider words from a new perspective, a broader viewpoint with regard to the following aspects: basic meaning, polysemy, synonymy, collocation, connotation and register as well as the geographical variety of the language, e.g. British English, American English, etc. Every word has a basic meaning, so if we were to analyse a sentence such as Along with our customers, the main asset of the company is that we are a highly motivated, committed and capable force and we didn’t understand the meaning of a word, of course we could look it up in a dictionary where we could find the explanation. Let us suppose that the unknown word is asset; the dictionary would give the following definition: anything valuable or useful (English), or another word with a similar meaning: possession (English). This is the basic meaning of the word, but more often than not words can have other meanings, and this is what we call polysemy. A polysemous word has multiple meanings, just like the word asset which also means stock (2), advantage (3), resource (4). The meaning (1) is often found in the plural form assets, that is any property owned by a person or firm (English). This is just an example of how many different meanings words can have and this is true for other lexical items in the sentence we have taken into consideration. Of course, the context is often helpful in understanding the word when spoken or in a piece of writing.
学习一门语言，特别是高级语言时，必须从新的角度、更广的角度来考虑词汇，包括基本意义、多义、同义、搭配、内涵和语域，以及语言的地理变化，如英国英语、美国英语，等等。每个词都有一个基本的意思，所以如果我们要分析一个句子，比如和我们的客户一起分析，公司的主要资产是我们是一个积极性很高，有责任心和能力的力量，我们不理解一个词的意思，当然我们可以查字典，在那里我们可以找到解释。让我们假设这个未知的词是资产；字典会给出以下定义：任何有价值或有用的东西（英语），或另一个具有类似含义的词：占有（英语）。这是单词的基本意思，但更多的时候单词可以有其他的意思，这就是我们所说的多义现象。一个多义词有多种含义，就像资产这个词一样，它也意味着股票（2），优势（3），资源（4）。含义（1）通常出现在复数形式的资产中，即个人或公司拥有的任何财产（英语）。这只是一个例子，说明单词可以有多少种不同的含义，我们考虑的句子中的其他词汇也是如此。当然，当你说或写一篇文章的时候，语境往往有助于理解这个词。

Business English Writing

Another characteristic of words is synonymy.
词的另一个特点是同义。
Synonyms are words with a very similar but slightly differing meaning.
同义词是意思非常相似但略有不同的词。
For example, the word customer has some synonyms in client, patron, consumer, shopper, buyer, user.
例如，customer这个词在client、patron、consumer、shopper、buyer、user中有一些同义词。
Sometimes these words are interchangeable, so you can decide to use one or another, but this is not always true.
有时这些词是可以互换的，所以你可以决定用一个或另一个，但这并不总是正确的。
While customer and client are now very similar – someone who buys products or services – the word patron is mostly used for habitual customers of bars and restaurants.
虽然顾客和顾客现在非常相似——购买产品或服务的人——但顾客这个词主要用于酒吧和餐馆的习惯性顾客。
But in spite of the fact that the word customer can always replace the word patron, the opposite is not true.
但是，尽管customer这个词总是可以取代patron这个词，但事实并非如此。
Another typical aspect of words is that they are often accompanied by a fixed set of words, so they are used with each other more frequently.
单词的另一个典型方面是，它们通常伴随着一组固定的单词，因此它们之间的使用频率更高。
Collocations are common word combinations.
搭配是常用的词汇组合。
For example the adjective motivated is often accompanied by extremely, highly, strongly, very, well.
例如，“动机”这个形容词常常伴随着极端的、高度的、强烈的、非常的、好的。
This is the reason why new vocabulary should not be learned as an isolated part of the language, but together with the word with which it is associated.
这就是为什么新词汇不应该作为语言的一个孤立的部分来学习，而应该和与之相关的单词一起学习的原因。
Connotation has to do with the associations that are linked to a certain word, the emotional aspect that word evokes, which opposes the literal meaning of the word, called denotation or the dictionary definition.
内涵与某个词的联想有关，这个词所唤起的情感方面，与该词的字面意义相反，称为外延或词典定义。
For example, the word rose refers to a specific type of flower, but symbolically it can recall love and passion.
例如，玫瑰这个词指的是一种特定类型的花，但象征意义上它可以回忆起爱和激情。
Another example may be given by adjectives.
另一个例子是形容词。
If you wish to describe someone as refusing to comply or agree, which of the following adjectives would you use? stubborn, unyielding, headstrong, obstinate, dogged, resolute, adamant, pertinacious, pig-headed, persistent, unwavering, resolute, firm.
如果你想形容某人拒绝服从或同意，你会用下列哪个形容词？倔强、不屈、任性、固执、固执、坚决、固执、固执、固执、固执、固执、固执、执著、毫不动摇、坚决、坚定。
And which of the above adjectives would you use to define someone who has determination or strength?
你会用以上哪个形容词来形容有决心或力量的人？
Be careful! Words may have a similar denotation but a different connotation.
小心！词语可能有相似的含义，但有不同的内涵。
Another important language aspect is register.
另一个重要的语言方面是语域。
It is the style related the purpose, audience and social context where communication takes place.
它是与目的、受众和交际发生的社会语境相关的文体。
It has to do with the degree of formality in use, so a formal register would require something like Mr. Smith, would you like a cup of tea?
这与使用的正式程度有关，所以正式登记需要像史密斯先生那样的东西，你想喝杯茶吗？
, whereas in friendly, informal context we could just say Paul, want some tea?
，而在友好的非正式场合，我们可以说保罗，想喝茶吗？
The context regulates register which will basically be formal or informal. As for the geographical variety of the language, we should remember that what is commonly said in Britain may differ from what is said in America, in Canada or in Australia as well as in other English speaking countries.
语境制约着语域，语域基本上可以是正式的，也可以是非正式的。至于语言的地理多样性，我们应该记住，英国人通常说的话可能与美国、加拿大、澳大利亚以及其他英语国家的话有所不同。
American English tends to be the most dominant variety in the world nowadays and some American words are also used or understood by speakers of other varieties of the language,
美式英语是当今世界上最主要的语种，一些美式词汇也被其他语种的人使用或理解，
but sometimes this does not happen. Barrister, biscuit and flyover are British English; the same words in American English are attorney,
但有时这种情况不会发生。大律师，饼干和天桥是英国英语；美国英语中的单词都是律师，
cookie and overpass. Apart from lexical differences between AmE and BrE, there are also spelling differences which will be dealt with in the next paragraph.
饼干和天桥。除了AmE和BrE之间的词汇差异外，还有拼写差异，下一段将讨论这些差异。
British English, American English and Other Varieties of English
英式英语、美式英语和其他英语变体