Clean Well Lighted Sentences A Guide to Avoiding the Most Common Errors in Grammar and Punctuation by Janis Bell语法标点最常见错误

Contents
目录
Preface
前言
Grammar Terminology
语法术语
Parts of Speech
词类
Sentence Roles
句子角色
Chapter 1: Case
第一章案例
Nouns
名词
Pronouns
代词
Your and You’re • Its and It’s • Whose and Who’s
你的和你的•它的和它的•谁的和谁的
Who and Whom
谁和谁
Reflexive Pronouns
反身代词
Case before Gerunds
动名词前的情况
QUIZ ON CASE
个案测验
ANSWERS TO QUIZ
测验答案
Chapter 2: Agreement
第2章：协议
Subject-Verb Agreement
主谓一致
Subjects vs. other nouns
主语与其他名词
Vague subjects
模糊主题
Unusual noun forms
不寻常的名词形式
Mass nouns
大量名词
Two nouns in subject position
主语位置的两个名词
Noun-Pronoun Agreement
名词代词一致
Clear nouns hazy memories
清晰模糊的记忆
Singular generic words avoidance of double pronouns
单数类属词双代词的回避
Singular nouns representing groups distracted focus
表示群的单数名词
Common Mass Nouns
普通大众名词
QUIZ ON AGREEMENT
协议问答
ANSWERS TO QUIZ
测验答案
Chapter 3: Verb Tense and Usage
第三章：动词时态与用法
Present
出席
Present Perfect
完美呈现
Past Perfect
过去时
Confusing Verbs
混淆动词
Troublesome irregular verbs
麻烦的不规则动词
Regular verbs with irregular requirements
有不规则要求的规则动词
Frequently misspelled verbs
经常拼写错误的动词
QUIZ ON TENSE AND USAGE
时态和用法测验
ANSWERS TO QUIZ
测验答案
Chapter 4: Verb Mood
第四章动词语气
Indicative Mood
直陈语气
Imperative Mood
祈使语气
Subjunctive Mood
虚拟语气
As if and as though
好像
If
如果
Wish
愿望
QUIZ ON MOOD
情绪测验
ANSWERS TO QUIZ
测验答案

Preface
前言
Another grammar book? Why?
另一本语法书？为什么？
You’ve seen grammar books before—you may even own one that you pull
你可能还没买过语法书就已经看过了
out now and again, when you’re uncertain about a sentence you wrote.
当你对自己写的一句话不确定的时候，你就会时不时地出去。
Chances are, however, that you close that book pretty soon after you open it
然而，你很可能在打开那本书后很快就把它合上了
because you don’t find the answer to your question.
因为你找不到问题的答案。
In fact, you can’t figure
事实上，你不知道
out even how to look for the answer to your question because the text is
甚至不知道如何寻找你问题的答案，因为文本是
comprehensive and filled with terms you’ve long forgotten.English is your native tongue.
英语是你的母语。
Or it’s not, but you know it well enough to be
或者不是，但你很清楚
dreaming in it. You don’t need a book that teaches grammar from the ground up.
在里面做梦。你不需要一本从头教语法的书。
All you need is a guide that answers the questions you have
你所需要的只是一个回答你问题的指南
from time to time, an explanation of the problems that typically crop up
不时地，对通常出现的问题的解释
when you’re writing sentences.
当你写句子的时候。
Some relate to grammar (Is it who or whom, will or would, it’s or its?);
有些与语法有关（是谁或谁，将要或将要，它的或它的？）；
some relate to usage (Is it lie or lay,
有些与用法有关（是谎言还是谎言，
affect or effect, everyday or every day?);
影响或影响，每天或每天；
some relate to punctuation (What
有些与标点符号有关（什么
belongs here—a comma or semicolon? Dash or hyphen? Single quotes or
是逗号还是分号？破折号还是连字符？单引号或
double?).
双倍？）。
Whatever the question, this book answers it in a way that will
不管是什么问题，这本书以一种
make sense to you.
对你有意义。
How can I make that claim when I don’t know you and I’ve never seen your sentences?
我不认识你，也没见过你的句子，我怎么能这么说呢？
Unless you’re very different from the thousands of people I’ve
除非你和我见过的成千上万的人很不一样
taught over the last three decades in both academic and business classrooms, I do know you and I have seen your sentences.
在过去的三十年里，我在学术和商业课堂上任教，我知道你和我都见过你的句子。
I know where
我知道在哪里
your grammar and usage errors hang out.
你的语法和用法错误经常出现。
I know where your punctuation
我知道你的标点符号在哪里
gaffes live. I can tell you exactly what these characters look like and the fragrances they wear.
失态现场直播。我可以确切地告诉你这些人物长什么样，他们身上的香味。
After reading this text, you’ll be able to spot a mistake from around the corner.
读完这篇课文，你就能从拐角处发现一个错误。
You may even be able to smell it.
你甚至可以闻到它。
Of necessity, this book contains grammar terminology, but it defines all
当然，这本书包含语法术语，但它定义了所有
terms in an introductory section and defines them again when they appear in a chapter.
在介绍部分中的术语，并在它们出现在一章中时重新定义它们。
It discusses each issue, rather than just listing rules. It presents
它讨论每个问题，而不仅仅是列出规则。它呈现
many sample sentences, incorrect and correct, so that you can see the concepts in action.
许多例句，不正确和正确的，这样你可以看到在行动的概念。
It asks—and answers—the questions you’re likely to have.
它会问和回答你可能遇到的问题。
It gives you a quiz to take at the end of each chapter, as well as answers to the quizzes, so that you can see what you’ve learned and what you still need to work on.
它在每一章的结尾都会给你一个小测验，以及小测验的答案，这样你就可以看到你学到了什么以及你还需要做什么。
It turns on the floodlights and even makes you laugh.
它打开泛光灯，甚至让你发笑。
Finally, this book increases your confidence, which is key to writing well.
最后，这本书增加了你的信心，这是写得好的关键。
I wish I could just sprinkle some self-assurance on your cereal in the morning
我希望我能在早上给你的谷类食品撒点自信
and watch your sentences transform by the afternoon.
下午看你的句子变换。
But, alas, there’s no such product on the market. We all have to make it from scratch by strengthening our skills.
但是，唉，市场上没有这样的产品。我们都必须通过加强技能从零开始。
That’s what you’ll be doing as you work your way through this text.
这就是你在阅读这篇课文时要做的。
Once you can produce clean, well-lighted sentences, you’ll approach every writing project with a can-do attitude.
一旦你能写出清晰明了的句子，你就会以一种“能行”的态度对待每一个写作项目。
I’m not promising that you’ll ever like to write (few people do); I’m saying that you’ll be able to write in a way that commands respect—from you and from your readers.
我不保证你会喜欢写作（很少有人喜欢）；我是说，你将能够以一种赢得你和你的读者尊重的方式来写作。
C’mon now, turn the page, scan the terminology, and jump into a chapter,
来吧，翻一页，浏览一下术语，跳进一章，
any chapter.
任何章节。
When you encounter one of your own sentences there, you’ll wonder how many others slipped into this book when you weren’t looking.
当你在那里遇到自己的一句话时，你会想，当你不看的时候，还有多少其他的句子溜进了这本书。
It’s time to keep an eye on them, don’t you think?
是时候监视他们了，你不觉得吗？

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