DK全球视觉宝典 The Visual Encyclopedia视觉百科全书

Looking into space
观察太空
For thousands of years, humans have told stories to explain the lights in the night sky. Even the earliest stargazers recognized that many of the objects that they could see behaved differently from each other, but it was in ancient Greece – from around the 6th century BCE – that astronomy began to be systematized.
几千年来，人类一直在讲故事来解释夜空中的灯光。即使是最早的天文学家也认识到，他们所能看到的许多物体的行为彼此不同，但正是在古希腊——大约从公元前6世纪开始——天文学才开始系统化。
Greek astronomers drew up formal lists of constellations, developed a scale of magnitude to describe the brightness of stars, and made attempts to model the paths of the planets. Following the invention of the telescope in 1608, physical differences between the various objects began to become more apparent, leading to an explosion in scientific knowledge.
希腊天文学家起草了正式的星座列表，制定了一个星等尺度来描述恒星的亮度，并尝试对行星的路径进行建模。1608年望远镜发明后，不同物体之间的物理差异开始变得更加明显，导致科学知识的爆炸。

Celestial objects
天体
The Universe is full of objects, large and small. Many of the closest bodies in our Solar System – asteroids, planets, and moons – are made visible by reflected sunlight.
宇宙中到处都是大大小小的物体。我们太阳系中许多最近的天体——小行星、行星和卫星——都可以通过反射阳光看到。
They move against a seemingly fixed background of more distant objects: luminous stars, glowing nebulae, and remote galaxies.
它们在一个看似固定的背景下移动，背景是更遥远的物体：发光的恒星、发光的星云和遥远的星系。

How the Solar System formed
太阳系是如何形成的
Our Solar System emerged from a collapsing disc of material that was in orbit around the newborn Sun some 4.6 billion years ago. Mid-sized bodies called planetesimals gradually formed, and eventually developed into today’s planets
我们的太阳系起源于46亿年前围绕新生太阳运行的一个正在坍塌的物质盘。中等大小的星子体逐渐形成，并最终发展成为今天的行星

The inner planets
内行星
The four planets at the centre of our Solar System – Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars – follow orbits that are relatively close to the Sun, separated from the much larger outer planets by smaller rocky bodies in the Asteroid Belt.
位于太阳系中心的四颗行星——水星、金星、地球和火星——沿着相对靠近太阳的轨道运行，小行星带中较小的岩石体将它们与更大的外行星隔开。
These worlds formed in a warm, ice-free region of the young Solar System, so their dominant materials are rocks and metals with high melting points.
这些星球形成于年轻太阳系的一个温暖、无冰的区域，因此它们的主要物质是具有高熔点的岩石和金属。

Rocks
岩石
How rocks form Rocks are large-scale accumulations of different mineral grains. They form in various ways, as a variety of different chemical and physical processes act on the raw materials erupted onto Earth’s surface from pockets of hot magma.
岩石如何形成岩石是不同矿物颗粒的大规模堆积。它们以各种方式形成，各种不同的化学和物理过程作用于从热岩浆喷发到地球表面的原材料。
The transformation of rocks by forces such as new eruptions, heat, pressure, erosion, and chemical weathering (the reaction of minerals with materials in their surroundings) is an ongoing and endless process.
通过新的喷发、热量、压力、侵蚀和化学风化（矿物与其周围物质的反应）等力对岩石的转化是一个持续不断的过程。

Oceans
海洋
Earth is a water planet with 71 per cent of the surface covered in a saltwater ocean to an average depth of 3,700 m (2.3 miles). The ocean makes up more than 97 per cent of all water on Earth’s surface
地球是一颗水行星，71%的表面覆盖在平均深度为3700米（2.3英里）的咸水海洋中。海洋占地球表面所有水的97%以上

Ocean currents, waves, and tides
洋流、波浪和潮汐
Ocean water is in constant motion. At the surface, the water rises and falls due to waves created by the wind. Meanwhile along the coast, the water surges up and down the shoreline according to a regular pattern due to the tide – a longer-period rise and fall of the ocean caused by the Moon’s pull of gravity.
海水不断地运动。在水面上，水由于风产生的波浪而起伏。与此同时，在海岸线上，由于潮汐的作用，海水按照一定的规律在海岸线上上下涌动——这是由于月球引力的拉动而导致的较长时间的海洋升降。
On the largest scale, the oceans are set in motion by currents flowing at a variety of depths, which are slowly but continuously mixing the water and profoundly affecting the pattern of Earth’s climates.
在最大的尺度上，海洋是由不同深度的洋流推动的，洋流缓慢但持续地混合着水，深刻地影响着地球的气候模式。

The carbon cycle
碳循环
Carbon is an essential ingredient in all types of life. Every living thing takes in carbon in various forms from the environment and gives it out again. Together with physical processes this creates the carbon cycle. The carbon cycle is naturally balanced, but human activities are upsetting that balance.
碳是所有类型生命的基本成分。每一种生物都从环境中吸收各种形式的碳，然后再释放出来。这与物理过程一起创造了碳循环。碳循环是自然平衡的，但人类活动正在破坏这种平衡。

Carbon in the environment
环境中的碳
Compounds of carbon are found in the air, water, soils, and rocks. The fastest components of the cycle are plants taking carbon dioxide (CO2) from the air and water by photosynthesis and all kinds of life breathing out carbon dioxide, or releasing it when rotting.
碳化合物存在于空气、水、土壤和岩石中。这个循环中最快的部分是植物通过光合作用从空气和水中吸收二氧化碳（CO2），以及各种生物呼出二氧化碳，或者在腐烂时释放二氧化碳。

The age of dinosaurs
恐龙时代
Ruling reptiles The Mesozoic Era (252–66 MYA, million years ago), was dominated by large reptiles. Dinosaurs represent just one of many groups.
在中生代（252-66百万年前），主要的爬行动物是大型爬行动物。恐龙只是众多物种中的一种。
Reptiles in the sea were not closely related to dinosaurs and included turtles, plesiosaurs, crocodilians, and even giant lizards. The winged reptiles were relatives of dinosaurs called pterosaurs. On land, dinosaurs were joined by numerous other reptiles, including the ancestors of today’s lizards and crocodiles.
海洋中的爬行动物与恐龙关系不密切，包括海龟、蛇颈龙、鳄鱼，甚至巨型蜥蜴。这种有翼爬行动物是翼龙恐龙的近亲。在陆地上，恐龙和许多其他爬行动物结合在一起，包括今天蜥蜴和鳄鱼的祖先。

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