DK全球视觉系列 Leaders Who Changed History 改变历史的领导人

Throughout history, human societies have been shaped and determined by their leaders. Whether triumphing by conquest or political maneuvering, or succeeding by self-belief, these figures are the powerful elite that others have sought, or been compelled, to follow.
纵观历史，人类社会是由其领导人塑造和决定的。无论是通过征服或政治策略取得胜利，还是通过自信取得成功，这些人物都是其他人寻求或被迫追随的强大精英。
Leaders take many forms, from monarchs and dictators to social reformers and revolutionaries to prophets and spiritual guides.
领导人有很多种形式，从君主和独裁者到社会改革者和革命者，再到先知和精神导师。
Styles of leadership are equally diverse, some achieving and sustaining their authority through fear and brutality, while others inspire loyalty through benevolence or shared ideals and aspirations.
领导风格同样多种多样，有些人通过恐惧和残忍来实现和维持自己的权威，而另一些人则通过仁爱或共同的理想和愿望来激发忠诚。
What unites all great leaders, however, is their ability to influence people, whether briefly, such as John F. Kennedy, or throughout their lifetime, such as Eleanor of Aquitaine during her 66-year reign over France and England.While the legacies of many leaders have faded over time, a notable few have
然而，把所有伟大领袖团结在一起的是他们影响人们的能力，不管是短暂的，比如约翰F。肯尼迪，或他们的一生，如埃莉诺阿基坦在她66年的统治法国和英国。虽然许多领导人的遗产已随着时间的推移而褪色，一些值得注意的
left an indelible mark on the world. The most enduring of these legacies belong to spiritual leaders, such as Muhammad, Moses, and Jesus Christ, whose teachings continue to shape the lives of billions of followers around the world, millennia after their own lifetimes. A number of other leaders also live on in spiritual form as cherished national icons, such as Boudicca, Joan of Arc, and Saladin, whose achievements have become legendary. They endure in people’s minds as much for the principles they represent as for the historical facts of their stories.
在世界上留下了不可磨灭的印记。这些遗产中最经久不衰的是精神领袖，如穆罕默德、摩西和耶稣基督，他们的教诲继续影响着世界各地数十亿信徒的生活，而这些信徒的生活在他们自己的有生之年之后已有几千年了。其他一些领导人也以精神形式作为宝贵的国家偶像生活，如布迪卡、圣女贞德和萨拉丁，他们的成就已成为传奇。他们所代表的原则和他们故事中的历史事实，在人们的心目中同样经久不衰。
The effect of power For some leaders, traces of their influence can still be seen in national, geographic, and political boundaries.
权力对一些领导人的影响，其影响力的痕迹仍然可以在国家、地理和政治边界上看到。
The vast empires created by Alexander the Great, Suleiman the Magnificent,
亚历山大大帝、苏莱曼大帝，
and Genghis Khan, for example, may have fallen, but the achievements of Qin Shi Huang, Charlemagne, and Otto Von Bismarck endure as modern-day China, France, and Germany. Similarly, through the leadership of George Washington, Mahatma Gandhi, and Kwame Nkrumah, the US, India, and Ghana became new, independent countries. Another mark of successful leadership is advancement, where courageous rulers have led their society to a brighter future by challenging the current regime. As president, Abraham Lincoln released
例如，成吉思汗可能已经倒下了，但秦始皇、查理曼大帝和俾斯麦的成就与现代中国、法国和德国一样经久不衰。同样，通过乔治华盛顿、圣雄甘地和夸梅恩克鲁玛的领导，美国、印度和加纳成为新的独立国家。成功领导的另一个标志是进步，勇敢的统治者通过挑战现政权，带领他们的社会走向更光明的未来。作为总统，亚伯拉罕·林肯释放了
millions of slaves in the US and turned his country away from slavery; Cuba was freed from capitalist corruption by Fidel
数以百万计的奴隶在美国，使他的国家远离奴隶制度；古巴被菲德尔从资本主义腐败中解放出来

Castro’s revolution; while in South Africa, Nelson Mandela overthrew apartheid, finally granting equality to the country’s black majority.
卡斯特罗的革命；在南非期间，纳尔逊·曼德拉推翻了种族隔离，最终使该国占多数的黑人享有平等。
Leaders can be defined neither by gender nor by race. Some of the great leaders have been female, including Sojourner Truth, Susan B. Anthony, and Emmeline Pankhurst, who all worked toward achieving equality for women. As a result of their initiatives, Margaret Thatcher, Benazir Bhutto, and Angela Merkel were able to forge political careers that saw them become the first elected female leaders of the UK, Pakistan, and Germany, respectively. The civil rights movement in the
领导者既不能按性别也不能按种族来定义。一些伟大的领导人都是女性，包括索杰纳·特鲁斯（Sojourner Truth）和苏珊·B。安东尼和埃梅琳潘赫斯特，他们都致力于实现妇女平等。由于他们的努力，玛格丽特·撒切尔、贝纳齐尔·布托和安格拉·默克尔得以开创政治生涯，分别成为英国、巴基斯坦和德国的第一位民选女性领导人。美国的民权运动
US, given voice by Martin Luther King Jr. and Malcolm X, successfully
马丁·路德·金和马尔科姆·X成功地为美国配音
campaigned for black equality and brought the issue to the world stage.
争取黑人平等，并把这个问题推向世界舞台。
A position of leadership inevitably carries great power, which can be
一个领导职位不可避免地会带来巨大的权力，而这种权力可以
misused and even abused, as witnessed in Adolf Hitler’s persecution of the Jews and other minorities during World WarII, devastating Europe for generations. Wielding power does not guarantee success, as seen in communist Russia and China, where Joseph Stalin’s and  failed reforms and political ambitions cost the lives of tens of millions of their own people. However, leaders can and do evolve. In their early lives, entrepreneurs such as John D. Rockefeller, Li Ka-shing, and
滥用，甚至滥用，如阿道夫希特勒在第二次世界大战期间迫害犹太人和其他少数民族，毁灭了欧洲几代人。掌权并不能保证成功，正如在共产主义俄罗斯和中国所看到的那样，约瑟夫·斯大林的改革和政治野心夺走了数千万本国人民的生命。然而，领导者可以而且确实在进化。在他们的早期生活中，像约翰D。洛克菲勒、李嘉诚和
Bill Gates led their businesses to global success and earned themselves vast fortunes. Each then used his personal wealth to fund philanthropic projects and, in doing so, improved the lives of those less fortunate, acquiring new supporters around the world.Changing notion of leadership As societies change, so, too, does the concept of leadership. However, the one, indisputable uniting quality among all the leaders that appear in this book is ambition—these are people who, even if their leadership was inherited, chose to make decisions in order to effect change. They accepted, welcomed, or fought for their position,
比尔盖茨带领他们的企业在全球取得成功，并为自己赢得了巨额财富。然后，每个人都用自己的个人财富资助慈善项目，从而改善了那些不幸者的生活，在世界各地获得了新的支持者。随着社会的变化，领导观念也在发生变化。然而，在这本书中出现的所有领导人中，一个无可争议的团结品质是雄心壮志这些人，即使他们的领导权是继承下来的，也选择做出决定以实现变革。他们接受、欢迎或为自己的地位而战，
and they were not afraid to stand up for what they believed in, whether that be to mankind’s advantage or detriment. These are people who lived exceptional lives, many of which still continue to influence lives today.
他们不怕维护自己的信仰，不管这对人类有利还是有害。这些人过着不同寻常的生活，其中许多人至今仍在影响着人们的生活。

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