DK全球视觉系列 Simply Quantum Physics 通俗的量子物理 2021 物理学描述的宇宙

Quantum physics describes the way the universe behaves on the very smallest scales. Far below the limits of even the most powerful microscopes, it governs the behaviors and interactions of atoms and the particles from which they are made—the fundamental building blocks of matter.
量子物理学描述了宇宙在最小尺度上的行为方式。它远低于最强大的显微镜的极限，它控制着原子和粒子的行为和相互作用，而原子和粒子是由这些粒子构成物质的基本组成部分。
Scientists only confirmed the existence of subatomic particles with J.J. Thomson’s discovery of the electron in 1897, but the possibility that these tiny particles can sometimes behave like waves, which is key to the strange behavior of the quantum world, was only suggested by Louis Victor de Broglie in 1924.
科学家们只是在1897年J.J.汤姆森发现电子时才证实了亚原子粒子的存在，但这些微小粒子有时可能表现得像波，这是量子世界奇怪行为的关键，直到1924年路易斯·维克托·德布罗意才提出。

While the largest atoms have a diameter of about half a nanometer (billionth of a meter)—less than 1/100,000th the width of a human hair—most of their volume is a sparse cloud filled with electrons around a dense central nucleus.
虽然最大的原子直径约为半纳米（十亿分之一米），不到人类头发宽度的1/100000，但它们的大部分体积是一团稀疏的云，在密集的中心核周围充满了电子。
Diameters of atomic nuclei are typically a few femtometers (million billionths of a meter), and it is usually at around these scales (and even smaller ones) that strange quantum behaviors become apparent. The smallest distance that makes physical sense is a Planck unit of length (see pp.140–41).
原子核的直径通常只有几毫微米（百万分之一米），而奇怪的量子行为通常是在这些尺度（甚至更小的尺度）左右变得明显。物理意义上的最小距离是普朗克长度单位（见第140-41页）。

THREE TINY PIECES Atoms are the fundamental building blocks of large-scale matter—particles that were first thought indivisible and whose collective chemical and physical properties make them representative of one or another specific element.
三个微小的原子是大尺度物质粒子的基本组成部分，这些粒子最初被认为是不可分割的，它们的集体化学和物理性质使它们代表一种或另一种特定元素。
On a deeper level, however, all atoms are made up of a combination of three subatomic particles: positively charged protons and uncharged neutrons in a central nucleus, and negatively charged electrons orbiting in more distant clouds (see p.31), which allow atoms to bond with other atoms.
然而，在更深的层次上，所有原子都是由三个亚原子粒子组成的：中心核中带正电的质子和不带正电的中子，以及在较远的云层中轨道运行的带负电的电子（见第31页），这使得原子能与其他原子结合。

PARTICLE ZOO While electrons are truly elementary particles, which cannot be divided any further (and part of a family of particles called the leptons),
粒子动物园，而电子是真正的基本粒子，不能再进一步分裂（和一个称为轻子的粒子家族的一部分），
protons and neutrons are made up of three even smaller particles called quarks (see p.122). Particles formed by groups of quarks are collectively known as hadrons, which are subdivided into baryons (made up of triplets of quarks) and mesons (made up of a paired quark and antiquark particle).
质子和中子由三个更小的粒子组成，称为夸克（见第122页）。夸克群形成的粒子统称为强子，强子又分为重子（由三重夸克组成）和介子（由成对夸克和反夸克粒子组成）。

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