DK全球视觉系列one million things ancient history一百万件事古代史

A group of people that farms the land to create surpluses of food, lives in cities, has a society with a hierarchy, and is ruled by some form of government is said to be a “civilization.”
一群人耕种土地以创造剩余的食物，生活在城市中，拥有一个等级制度的社会，并由某种形式的政府统治，据说是一种“文明”
Civilizations emerged gradually at different times around the world. The first civilizations developed in the Middle East, where farming first began around 10,000 years ago, in a place called Mesopotamia.
文明在世界各地不同的时代逐渐形成。第一个文明是在中东发展的，那里的农业始于10000年前，在一个叫做美索不达米亚的地方。

Farming first started as a result of climate change at the end of the last ice age. Before that, people were hunter-gatherers, moving from place to place in search of food.
上个冰河世纪末，气候变化导致了农业的兴起。在此之前，人们都是狩猎采集者，为了寻找食物而从一个地方迁徙到另一个地方。
However, the new weather conditions changed the previous distribution of plants, which people had been familiar with. It is believed that people began planting wild seeds and tubers as a way of guaranteeing their food supply.
然而，新的天气条件改变了人们熟悉的植物分布。人们相信，人们开始种植野生种子和块茎，以此来保证他们的食物供应。

The Fertile Crescent, where the first farmers appeared around 10,000 years ago, is an area of land that stretches in an arc through parts of modern Israel, Lebanon, Syria, Turkey, and Iraq. There were two main
这片肥沃的新月形地带是大约10000年前第一批农民出现的地方，这片土地呈弧形延伸，穿过现代以色列、黎巴嫩、叙利亚、土耳其和伊拉克的部分地区。主要有两个方面
factors that made this stretch of the Middle East ripe for agriculture: First, it had a climate with warm temperatures and reliable rainfall.Second, it had a wide range of plants and animals that weresuitable for domestication.
使这片中东地区农业条件成熟的因素：首先，这里气候温暖，雨量充沛；其次，这里有各种各样适合驯化的动植物。

Once people discovered that cultivation provided them with a secure supply of crops, they tried to find equally secure supplies of meat. This led to the domestication of animals in around 8000 BCE, beginning with sheep and followed soon after by goats, pigs, and cattle.
一旦人们发现种植为他们提供了安全的农作物供应，他们就试图找到同样安全的肉类供应。这导致了大约公元前8000年动物的驯化，首先是绵羊，然后是山羊、猪和牛。
The “Standard of Ur” (shown here) dates from 2600–2400 BCE and features images of cattle, sheep, and goats being prepared for a major feast.
“乌尔的标准”（如图所示）可以追溯到公元前2600-2400年，其特征是牛、羊和山羊正在为一场盛大的宴会做准备。

During the Uruk Period, from 4300–3100 bce, the towns of Sumer in southern Mesopotamia grew into the world’s first cities. This made Sumer the world’s first urban civilization.
在乌鲁克时期，从公元前4300年到3100年，美索不达米亚南部的苏美尔城镇发展成为世界上最早的城市。这使得苏美尔成为世界上第一个城市文明。
Each city was a separate state with its own government, but all the Sumerian people shared a culture, speaking the same language and worshipping the same gods. The largest and most powerful of these early city-states was Uruk, which may have had as many as 50,000 inhabitants at its peak.
每个城市都是一个独立的州，有自己的政府，但是所有的苏美尔人都有一种文化，说同样的语言，崇拜同样的神。这些早期城邦中最大、最强大的是乌鲁克，在其鼎盛时期可能有多达5万居民。

In the 24th century bce, Sumer was conquered by a new regional power from northern Mesopotamia, Akkad. The Akkadian king Sargon (2334–2279 bce) took over a vast stretch of territory from the Mediterranean Sea to the Persian Gulf,
公元前24世纪，苏美尔被美索不达米亚北部的一个新的地区势力阿卡德征服。阿卡德国王萨尔贡（公元前2334-2279年）占领了从地中海到波斯湾的大片领土，
creating the world’s first empire. It crumbled two centuries later and was replaced by a new empire centered on the Sumerian city of Ur. In time, this too was conquered by the Elamite people.
创造了世界上第一个帝国。两个世纪后，它崩溃了，取而代之的是以苏美尔城市乌尔为中心的新帝国。后来，这也被以拦人征服了。

In the first millennium bce, two great powers, Assyria and Babylon, fought for control of the Middle East. The Assyrians conquered Babylon, Egypt, and Elam. However, when the great Assyrian king Arshurbanipal died in 627 bce, Babylon fought back.
在公元前一千年，两个大国，亚述和巴比伦，争夺中东的控制权。亚述人征服了巴比伦、埃及和以拦。然而，当伟大的亚述国王阿尔舒巴尼帕尔于公元前627年去世时，巴比伦进行了反击。
It took control of Assyria and built up its own empire under King Nebuchadnezzar II (605–562 bce).However, following his reign, Babylon was invaded by Persia and its power melted away.
它控制了亚述，并在尼布甲尼撒二世（公元前605-562年）的统治下建立了自己的帝国。然而，在他的统治下，巴比伦被波斯入侵，它的力量消失了。

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