DK全球视觉系列one million things human body the incredible visual guide一百万件事之人体百科

PEOPLE

From the Arctic to the Amazon rainforest, from New York City to Tokyo, people may appear a little different, but those differences are superficial.
从北极到亚马逊雨林，从纽约到东京，人们看起来可能有些不同，但这些差异是表面的。
Under the skin, our bodies look the same and work in identical ways. What is remarkable, though, is how adaptable we are. Thanks to their initiative and intelligence, people have adapted to a variety of lifestyles in contrasting locations
在皮肤下，我们的身体看起来一样，工作方式也一样。不过，值得注意的是，我们的适应能力有多强。由于他们的主动性和智慧，人们已经适应了不同地区的各种生活方式

ANCESTORS In African forests, around seven million years ago, our apelike ancestors started to walk on two legs. Being upright, their hands could perform tasks, and they could spot predators from afar.
祖先在非洲森林，大约七百万年前，我们类人猿的祖先开始用两条腿行走。它们的手直立，可以执行任务，它们可以从远处发现掠食者。
Over millions of years, evolution equipped hominins (the human line) with bigger brains, the ability to harness fire, make tools, and develop culture.
数百万年来，进化赋予人类更大的大脑、驾驭火、制造工具和发展文化的能力。

HOMO HEIDELBERGENSIS Heidelberg man (Homo heidelbergensis) was taller and bigger-brained than Homo erectus, but still had big brow ridges and a flat forehead.
海德堡人海德堡人（HOMO HEIDELBERGENSIS Heidelberg man，海德堡人）比直立人更高，大脑更大，但仍然有大的眉脊和平坦的前额。
Possibly a direct ancestor of both Neanderthals and modern humans, they lived in Asia, Africa, and— a first for hominins—Europe between 800,000 and 250,000 years ago. They were not scavengers, but skilled hunters, who, after the kill, butchered deer, rhino, and other prey using stone tools.
可能是尼安德特人和现代人的直系祖先，他们生活在亚洲、非洲，在80万年到25万年前是欧洲人类的第一个祖先。他们不是拾荒者，而是技术娴熟的猎手，猎杀后，他们用石器屠宰鹿、犀牛和其他猎物。

CELLS Imagine you could take a tiny sample of body tissue and look at it under a microscope. You would see that it was made up of tiny, living building blocks, called cells.
细胞想象你可以取一个微小的身体组织样本，在显微镜下观察。你会看到它是由微小的，有生命的积木组成的，叫做细胞。
In all, among the 100 trillion cells it takes to build a complete body, there are some 200 different types of cells, each with their own shape, size, and function.
总之，在构成一个完整身体所需的100万亿个细胞中，大约有200种不同类型的细胞，每种细胞都有自己的形状、大小和功能。

MULTIPLICATION Each one of us started life as a fertilized egg. That single cell gave rise to the trillions of cells that make up the body by a process of multiplication called cell division, or mitosis.
我们每个人的生命都是从受精卵开始的。单个细胞通过一种称为细胞分裂或有丝分裂的增殖过程产生了数以万亿计的细胞组成了身体。
The nucleus of every cell contains 23 pairs of threadlike chromosomes that hold the instructions for life.
每一个细胞的细胞核都含有23对线状染色体，它们掌握着生命的指令。
During mitosis, as shown here, chromosomes are duplicated and separated into two new identical cells. As well as enabling us to grow and develop, mitosis produces billions of new cells every day that are used to repair and maintain the body.
在有丝分裂过程中，如图所示，染色体被复制并分离成两个新的完全相同的细胞。除了使我们能够生长发育外，有丝分裂每天产生数十亿个新细胞，用于修复和维持身体。

SYSTEMS A total of 12 systems work together to make the human body work. Each system consists of a collection of organs that cooperate to carry out a particular function or functions.
系统共有12个系统共同工作，使人体工作。每一个系统都由一个或多个协同执行特定功能的器官集合组成。
For example, the organs making up the digestive system dismantle complex molecules in food to release usable substances, such as glucose or amino acids, that are utilized by body cells to supply energy or build structures.
例如，组成消化系统的器官分解食物中的复杂分子，释放出有用的物质，如葡萄糖或氨基酸，这些物质被身体细胞用来提供能量或构建结构。

LIVING IMAGES In the past the only way to look inside the living body was to cut it open. In 1895, X rays were discovered, providing a way of imaging the body’s insides from the outside.
在过去，观察活体内部的唯一方法就是切开它。1895年，X射线被发现，提供了一种从外部成像人体内部的方法。
Today, doctors have access to many imaging techniques that help them to diagnose disease so they can start treatment quickly. Many techniques use computers to produce clear, precise images of not just bones—as early X rays did—but of soft tissues and organs as well.
今天，医生们可以利用许多影像技术来帮助他们诊断疾病，以便他们能够迅速开始治疗。许多技术使用计算机来产生清晰、精确的图像，不仅像早期的X光所显示的那样，而且还包括软组织和器官的图像。

HAIR We may not have the luxuriant fur of our mammal relatives, but our skin is still covered with millions of hairs.
毛发我们可能没有我们哺乳动物亲戚的华丽皮毛，但我们的皮肤上仍然覆盖着数以百万计的毛发。
Most of those on the body are short, fine vellus hairs that, when tweaked by visiting insects, warn us that we might be bitten or stung. Thicker, longer terminal hairs are found on the head, eyebrows, and eyelashes.
身体上的大部分是短而细的绒毛，当它们被来访的昆虫扭动时，警告我们可能被咬或蜇伤。头部、眉毛和睫毛上有较粗、较长的末端毛发。
Head hair is protective and also forms an important part of our appearance. Eyebrows and eyelashes both help to protect the eyes. In men, terminal hairs also grow on the face and ches
头发是保护性的，也是我们外表的重要组成部分。眉毛和睫毛都有助于保护眼睛。在男人身上，末端的毛发也长在脸上和脸上

PASSENGERS Unknowingly we are carrying on our skin a variety of, mainly microscopic, passengers. Most are parasites that feed on our skin cells, secretions, or blood.
乘客们不知不觉中我们身上携带着各种各样的，主要是显微镜下的乘客。大多数寄生虫以我们的皮肤细胞、分泌物或血液为食。
Everyone, without exception, has billions of bacteria on their skin. Many of us are home to tiny eyelash mites, distant cousins of spiders. Less common are other types of mites and their relatives, the ticks.
每个人，无一例外，皮肤上都有数以十亿计的细菌。我们中的许多人都是微小的睫毛螨的家，它们是蜘蛛的远亲。其他种类的螨虫和它们的近亲蜱类则不太常见。
Children often become infected with small insects called head lice. Another blood-feeding insect, the human flea, is much rarer. Other hangers-on include fungi and leeches.
孩子们经常被称为头虱的小昆虫感染。另一种吸血昆虫，人类跳蚤，更为罕见。其他衣架包括真菌和水蛭。

LIFE STORY Every person, provided they have a normal lifespan, follows the same sequence of mental and physical changes from infancy to old age. Our life story includes rapid development and learning as an infant and child.
生活故事每个人，只要他们有一个正常的寿命，遵循相同的顺序从婴儿到老年的精神和身体的变化。我们的生活经历包括婴儿和儿童时期的快速发展和学习。
Then, the great changes of adolescence during the teenage years, when we switch from being children to adults. As adults, we mature before starting to age and “slow down.
然后，青少年时期的巨大变化，当我们从儿童转变为成人的时候。作为成年人，我们在开始变老之前就成熟了，并且“放慢脚步”。

BONES These living organs consist of a matrix of collagen fibers, which produce strength and slight springiness, and mineral salts, particularly calcium phosphate, which give hardness.
骨骼这些活的器官由胶原纤维基质组成，胶原纤维产生强度和轻微的弹性，矿物盐，特别是磷酸钙，使硬度增加。
This matrix is made and maintained by bone cells. Bones are both strong and light because denser, heavier bone tissue is found only on their outsides, with lighter, spongy bone inside. As well as supporting the body, bones also make blood cells and store calcium
这种基质是由骨细胞制造和维持的。骨骼既强壮又轻盈，因为密度更大、重量更重的骨组织只出现在它们的外侧，而内部则是较轻的海绵状骨。除了支撑身体，骨骼还制造血细胞和储存钙

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