DK全球视觉 Simply Philosophy 2021版 通俗哲学系列

WHAT IS PHILOSOPHY?
什么是哲学？

Plato said, “begins in wonder.” It was from our natural curiosity about the world and our place within it that philosophy emerged.
柏拉图说，“始于幻想。”哲学是从我们对世界和我们在其中的位置的自然好奇心中产生的。
In the ancient world, people wondered about the things they saw and experienced and questioned why the world is the way it is.
在古代，人们对他们所看到和经历的事物感到好奇，并质疑为什么世界是这样。
Religion of one sort or another provided some answers, describing natural events as the actions of gods or spirits, but in the early civilizations, people wanted explanations that satisfied their capacity for rational thought.
某种宗教提供了一些答案，将自然事件描述为神或灵魂的行为，但在早期文明中，人们希望得到满足其理性思考能力的解释。
The foundations of Western philosophy, which focused on reason and observation, were laid by Greek scholars in the 6th century bce.Thinkers such as Thales and Democritus studied the physical world
西方哲学的基础主要集中在理性和观察上，希腊学者在公元前6世纪奠定了基础，泰勒斯和德谟克利特等思想家研究了物质世界
its structure and what it is made of—and their theories paved the way for the development of the physical sciences many centuries later.
它的结构和组成以及它们的理论奠定了基础许多世纪后物理科学的发展道路。

At roughly the same time, thinkers in India and China pondered similar questions from different cultural and religious perspectives. As their societies became more sophisticated, the early philosophers in both the East and the West turned their attention to the human world. They asked questions about the nature of suffering, how we should live our lives, and how it is that we can understand the world at all.
大致在同一时间，印度和中国的思想家从不同的文化和宗教角度思考类似的问题。随着他们的社会变得更加复杂，东方和西方的早期哲学家都把注意力转向了人类世界。他们问了一些问题，关于苦难的本质，我们应该如何生活，以及我们如何理解这个世界。
Throughout history, there have been many different schools of philosophical thought, and their ideas have often directly opposed each other.
纵观历史，有许多不同的哲学思想流派，他们的思想往往是直接对立的彼此。

But philosophy is about asking questions, examining ideas, and taking part in debate and rational argument. Rather than providing definitive answers, philosophy is, above all, an active process of considering the fundamental questions about the universe and our place in it.
但哲学是关于提出问题，审视思想，参与辩论和理性论证。哲学不是提供明确的答案，最重要的是，它是一个积极的过程，考虑有关宇宙和我们在其中的位置的基本问题。
It is not just the domain of academic philosophers; it is an activity we can all take part in—and we already do, when we look at the universe we live in and wonder.
它不仅仅是学术哲学家的领域；这是一项我们都可以参加的活动，我们已经参加了，当我们看到我们生活的宇宙和奇迹。

Philosophy began as an attempt to understand the world without relying on religious or mythological ideas. It was centred around two general questions: “What is the nature of reality?” (the subject of metaphysics) and “What is the nature of knowledge?” (the subject of epistemology).
哲学最初是一种不依赖宗教或神话观念来理解世界的尝试。它围绕着两个普遍的问题：“现实的本质是什么？”（形而上学的主题）和“知识的本质是什么？”（认识论的主题）。
Answers to these questions fell into two main schools of thought: rationalism, which treated reasoning as the most reliable source of knowledge, and empiricism, which stressed the importance of sensory experience. Early philosophers were the scientists of their day; the physical sciences only became distinct from philosophy in the 17th century.
对这些问题的回答分为两大流派：理性主义，将推理视为最可靠的知识来源；经验主义，强调感官经验的重要性。早期哲学家是当时的科学家；物理科学在17世纪才与哲学不同。

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