DK smithsonian 1000 inventiongs discoveries new edition roger bridgman史密森1000个发明发现新版罗杰·布里奇曼

learning the BASICS
学习基础知识
By making tools that either change their environment or help them to cope with it, human beings can survive where other animals cannot.
通过制造改变环境或帮助人类应对环境的工具，人类可以在其他动物无法生存的地方生存。
It took hundreds of thousands of years for people to make the basic inventions and discoveries that underpin what we now call technology.
人们花了几十万年的时间才做出了支撑我们现在所说的技术的基本发明和发现。 Introduction Three million years of creativity and curiosity have produced tens of thousands of inventions and discoveries.
引言三百万年的创造力和好奇心产生了数以万计的发明和发现。
Those that successfully met basic human needs—from the need to survive to the need to know—have played a big part in shaping our world.
那些成功地满足了从生存需求到知识需求等人类基本需求的人，在塑造我们的世界方面发挥了重要作用。 our world is very different from the world of our ancestors. Tens of thousands of inventions and discoveries have
我们的世界与我们祖先的世界大不相同。数以万计的发明和发现已经完成

transformed the way we do things and the way we think. An invention is something new, created by arranging things in some novel way. A discovery is a thing or
改变了我们做事和思考的方式。发明是一种新事物，通过以某种新颖的方式安排事物而创造出来。发现是一件事或一件事 It is often difficult to tell where invention ends and discovery begins, and neither happens overnight
通常很难判断发明在哪里结束，发现在哪里开始，这两种情况都不是一夜之间发生的

principle that already existed, needing only to be found. But it is often difficult to tell where invention ends and discovery begins. Whatever they are, few inventions or discoveries are made overnight.
已经存在的原则，只需要找到。但通常很难判断发明在哪里结束，发现在哪里开始。无论它们是什么，很少有发明或发现是一夜之间完成的。
There is usually a period of preparation before they emerge. Even then, they take time to act. An invention may take years to displace existing methods. A discovery may take generations to change habits of thought.
在它们出现之前通常有一段时间的准备。即便如此，他们也需要时间采取行动。一项发明可能需要几年的时间来取代现有的方法。一项发现可能需要几代人才能改变思维习惯。

When did it happen?

什么时候发生的？

This is not a book of “firsts.” I have listed most inventions and discoveries under the date when they were first made public. But some dates relate to the beginning of something that only later became well known, or to a later stage of something that took time to influence people.

这不是一本关于“第一”的书。我列出了大多数发明和发现首次公开的日期。但有些日期与一些后来才广为人知的事情的开始有关，或者与一些需要时间才能影响人们的事情的后期有关。

It can also be difficult to say exactly who invented or discovered something. Often, when the time is right, many people come up with the same idea. And making an idea work can be more important than simply thinking of it. At the top of each invention or discovery, I have named the people who I think contributed most to it.

也很难说到底是谁发明或发现了一些东西。通常，当时机成熟时，许多人都会提出相同的想法。让一个想法发挥作用可能比简单地思考它更重要。在每项发明或发现的顶部，我都列出了我认为对其贡献最大的人。

Below, where possible, I have mentioned others who helped or attempted something similar. Some stories are too interesting to squeeze into a small space.
下面，在可能的情况下，我提到了其他帮助或尝试类似事情的人。有些故事太有趣了，挤不进去。
I have given these either a separate box or two whole pages. These longer stories show how complicated inventing or discovering can be and how it can change people’s lives. Other aspects of these lives appear at the foot of most pages in a timeline, which records events in the wider world
我给了他们一个单独的盒子或者两整页。这些较长的故事展示了发明或发现是多么复杂，以及它如何改变人们的生活。这些生命的其他方面出现在时间轴的大多数页面的底部，记录了更广阔世界中的事件 discoveries followed two main trends. Ancient ideas became modern science as measurement and mathematics improved on observation and argument, and the way things were made changed radically as scientific techniques displaced traditional crafts.
发现遵循两大趋势。随着测量和数学在观察和论证方面的进步，古代思想成为现代科学，随着科学技术取代传统工艺，事物的制造方式发生了根本性的变化。
These trends continue at an ever greater rate today. You may notice that while the first section of the book covers nearly three million years, the last covers only fifty. Despite this rapid change, many inventions
今天，这些趋势继续以前所未有的速度发展。你可能会注意到，虽然这本书的第一部分涵盖了近三百万年，但最后一部分只涵盖了五十年。尽管变化很快，许多发明