悠悠乐英语 6个月掌握任何一门语言 business English 英语习得 2021-06-20

The 25 Rules of Grammar: The Essential Guide to Good English by Joseph Piercy语法的25条规则：好英语的基本指南

Contents
目录
Acknowledgements
致谢
Introduction: Does Grammar Really Matter?
引言：语法真的重要吗？
The Essential Tools: The 25 Rules of Grammar
基本工具：构建块和基础知识
Rule 1: When is a Sentence Not a Sentence?
规则一：什么时候一句话不是一句话？
Rule 2: Recognizing the Subject and the Object in a Sentence
规则2：识别句子中的主语和宾语
The Essential Tools: The Naming of Things
基本工具：事物的命名
Rule 3: How to Use ‘Much’ and ‘Many’
规则三：如何使用“Much”和“Many”
Rule 4: The Spelling Conventions for Singular and Plural Nouns
规则4：单数和复数名词的拼写规则
The Essential Tools: Being and Doing: The Business of Verbs
基本工具：存在与做：动词的业务
Rule 5: How to Spot the Difference Between Regular and Irregular Verbs
规则五：如何区分规则动词和不规则动词
Rule 6: Don’t Feel Tense About the Tenses
规则六：不要对时态感到紧张
Rule 7: Dangling Participles Mangle Meaning
规则7：悬挂分词破坏意思
The Essential Tools: Adverbs – It Ain’t What You Do It’s The Way That
基本工具：副词-不是你做什么而是你做的方式
You Do It!
你做到了！
Rule 8: ‘Neither/Nor’ and ‘Either/Or’ Must Always be Used Together
规则8：“Neither/Nor”和“Either/Or”必须同时使用
Rule 9: Try Not to Ever Split Infinitives
规则9：尽量不要分裂不定式
The Essential Tools: Problems with Pronouns
基本工具：代词问题
Rule 10: The Correct Use of ‘That’ and ‘Which’
规则十：“That”和“Which”的正确用法
Rule 11: When to Use ‘Who’ and ‘Whom’
规则11：何时使用“谁”和“谁”
Rule 12: The Proper Use of ‘You and I’/ ‘Me, Us and We’
规则12：正确使用“你和我”/“我，我们和我们”
The Essential Tools: Give Us a Clue: Adjectives
基本工具：给我们一个线索：形容词
Rule 13: Don’t Use No Double Negatives
规则13：不要使用双重否定
Rule 14: When to Use ‘Different To’, ‘Different From’ or ‘Different Than’
规则14：何时使用“Different to”、“Different From”或“Different Than”
Rule 15: Tautology: Beware of Repeating Yourself and Saying the Same
规则15：重言式：谨防重复自己的话
Thing Twice
两次
The Essential Tools: The Correct Uses of the Different Forms of
基本工具：正确使用不同形式的
Punctuation
标点符号
Rule 16: How to Use Apostrophes Correctly
规则16：如何正确使用撇号
Rule 17: Uses and Abuses of Commas, Colons and Semicolons
第17条：逗号、冒号和分号的使用和滥用
The Essential Tools: Advanced Grammar
基本工具：高级语法
Rule 18: Ending Sentences with Prepositions Can Bring You Down
规则18：用介词结束句子会让你失望
Rule 19: And Avoid Starting Sentences with Conjunctions
规则19：避免用连词开头
Rule 20: Pronouns Must Always be Agreeable
规则20：代词必须总是令人愉快的
Rule 21: How to Spot Misplaced Correlatives
规则21：如何发现错位的相关词
Rule 22: The Differences Between the Four Grammatical Cases in English
规则22：英语四种语法格的区别
Rule 23: Be Careful What You Wish For in the Subjunctive Mood
规则23：在虚拟语气中要小心你想要什么
Rule 24: Selecting the Correct Preposition
规则24：选择正确的介词
Rule 25: Commonly Confused, Misused and Misspelled Words
规则25：经常混淆、误用和拼写错误的单词
When Grammar Goes Wrong
当语法出错时
And Finally . . . A Grammarian Walks into a Bar . . .
最后。一个语法学家走进酒吧。

Grammatical Cases in English 25条语法规则
English grammar is often said to be over-complicated and difficult to get to grips with, but the truth is that, while there are certain rules that should be obeyed, the language evolves and develops over time—and quite rightly so. In this book, Joseph Piercy outlines the 25 rules that should be adhered to in written and spoken English, defining the rules themselves and then decoding them for the layman so that he or she understands each rule and how it has been used and developed over time.
人们常说英语语法过于复杂，难以掌握，但事实是，虽然有某些规则应该遵守，但语言是随着时间的推移而发展和演变的，这是完全正确的。在这本书中，约瑟夫·皮尔西用书面和口头英语概述了应该遵守的25条规则，定义了规则本身，然后为外行解码，以便他或她了解每一条规则以及它是如何随着时间的推移被使用和发展的。

In doing so, the author highlights the most common misuses—or plain errors—in the language, such as apostrophes, “who” and “whom,” and avoiding split infinitives and double negatives, while also setting the reader on to the right path to speaking and writing in good, plain English.
在此过程中，作者强调了语言中最常见的误用或明显错误，如撇号、“who”和“who”，避免了分裂不定式和双重否定，同时也让读者走上了用好的、通俗易懂的英语说和写的正确道路。
Introduction
介绍
Does Grammar Really Matter?
语法真的重要吗？
Yes. It does. Matter. Because how, wood you under stand; what I is saying?
对。是的。很重要。因为怎样，木你才站得住；我在说什么？
My personal experience of grammar lessons at school was, at best pretty
我在学校上语法课的个人经历充其量是相当不错的
torpid and, at worst downright arduous. This scale encouraged neither
迟钝的，最坏的情况下是非常艰苦的。这种规模既不鼓励
interest or learning. I only really became very totally interested in grammar
兴趣或学习。我只对语法感兴趣
when training to become an EFL teacher. Although English hadn’t not
当培训成为一名英语教师。尽管英语没有
become my subject; I’d flirted with being an artist (couldn’t draw) and a
成为我的主题；我曾调情成为一个艺术家（不会画画）和一个艺术家
musician (couldn’t play an instrument) and I liked reading books. Lots of
音乐家（不会演奏乐器）和我喜欢看书。很多
books. You can never have enough books. And real books too!
书。你永远不会有足够的书。还有真正的书！
Eagle-eyed grammarians would argue that the last sentence of the
眼尖的语法学家会争辩说
previous paragraph isn’t a sentence. And they wouldn’t not be right. After a
上一段不是句子。他们是不对的。过了一段时间
fashion. But I am better now than I were before . . .
时尚。但我现在比以前好多了。
Shall I start again?
我要重新开始吗？
Does grammar really matter? Well, I have tried to break as many
语法真的重要吗？好吧，我试着打破
grammatical rules in the opening to this introduction as possible to see if
语法规则在开篇这篇介绍中尽可能的看一下
anybody notices. It is a Where’s Wally? of grammar errors but, although it
有人注意到了。这是一个房间，沃利在哪里？但是，尽管
reads a touch like experimental fiction in parts, it is fairly coherent.
读起来有点像实验小说的一部分，相当连贯。
The current trends in English grammar fall into two schools. On one side
目前英语语法的发展趋势分为两大流派。在一边
are the ‘prescriptivists’, the ‘Olde School’, those who phone in to the BBC
是“处方主义者”还是“老派”，是那些给BBC打电话的人
to complain about minor errors in news reports on national television and
抱怨国家电视台和电视台新闻报道中的小错误
radio. On the other side are the ‘descriptivists’, the ‘New Skool’, those who
收音机。另一边是“描述主义者”，“新斯库尔”，那些
feel that language is always evolving and that therefore grammar should
感觉语言总是在进化，因此语法应该
evolve too. Fundamentally, the argument comes down to one sticking point
也在进化。从根本上讲，这一论点归结为一个症结
about the nature of how language actually functions. Is usage determined by
关于语言实际运作的本质。用途是否由确定
grammatical rules? Or are grammatical rules defined by usage?
语法规则？或者语法规则是由用法定义的？
In order to function as a practical means of communication a language
为了作为一种实用的交流手段，一种语言
needs a vocabulary and a grammar. Every written language in the world has
需要词汇和语法。世界上每一种书面语言都有
a grammatical structure, rules that govern, determine and define how
语法结构，支配、决定和定义
meaning is produced. This seems more than plausible and, although I
意义产生了。这似乎很有道理，尽管我
started this introduction by trying to deliberately flout (not flaunt) the rules,
开始这篇介绍的时候，他试图故意藐视（而不是炫耀）规则，
precision in thought and, by extension, clarity of expression are important.
思想上的精确性和表达的清晰性是很重要的。
On the other hand, there is a counter-argument that if people keep making
另一方面，有一个相反的论点，如果人们继续
the same mistakes, over and over again, after a while it is no longer a
同样的错误，一次又一次，过了一段时间就不再是问题了
mistake but becomes commonplace and therefore correct. It is certainly true
错误，但变得平常，因此正确。这当然是真的
that lots of grammatical forms: words, moods and structures, have fallen out
很多语法形式：单词，情绪和结构，已经消失了
of general usage. The use of ‘shall’, for example, as a future form has been
一般用法。例如，“shall”作为将来形式的用法
reduced to little more than polite requests or offers (‘Shall we go to the
仅仅是礼貌的请求或提议（’我们去
pub?’; ‘Shall I buy you a drink?’) in the last century and a half. Other words
酒吧？’；’要我请你喝一杯吗？’）在过去的一个半世纪。其他词
such as ‘forensic’ have taken on a whole new meaning in less than thirty
比如“法医学”在不到三十年的时间里就有了全新的含义
years. ‘Forensic’ was originally a legal term that had nothing at all to do
年。”“法医学”最初是一个法律术语，与此毫无关系
with cutting up the dead bodies of murder victims; it means simply the
切割谋杀受害者的尸体；意思很简单
practice of rhetoric associated with legal matters, the presentation of
与法律事务有关的修辞实践
argument supported by evidence in a court of law. On any given day you
法庭上有证据支持的论点。在任何一天你
can turn on the television and a crime drama will talk about the need of
可以打开电视和一部犯罪剧来谈谈犯罪的必要性
getting the ‘forensics’ in order to achieve an arrest and probable conviction.
获取“法医学”以实现逮捕和可能的定罪。
They only actually need the forensics in court, they don’t need them
他们只需要法庭上的取证，他们不需要
beforehand as it is a matter of rhetoric, not minute skin fibres or
事先，因为这是一个修辞的问题，而不是微小的皮肤纤维或
complicated DNA test results.
复杂的DNA测试结果。
The English language has lots of rules, over 2,000 to be imprecise. Some
英语有很多规则，超过2000条是不精确的。一些
of these rules are archaic and arguably unnecessary. The first attempts at
其中一些规则是过时的，可以说是没有必要的。第一次尝试
writing down the essential rules of grammar surfaced in the mid-eighteenth
写下语法的基本规则在十八世纪中期浮出水面
century. Bishop Robert Lowth’s A Short Introduction To English Grammar
世纪。罗伯特洛思主教的英语语法简介
(1762) proved extremely popular at the time and unbeknown to the kindly,
（1762年）在当时非常受欢迎，而且不为善良的人所知，
but somewhat pedantic clergyman, set in motion arguments on correct and
但有点迂腐的牧师，在正确和公正的基础上开始辩论
incorrect usage that still rage on to this day. Lowth was directly responsible
至今仍盛行的错误用法。Lowth直接负责
for several of the grammatical shibboleths analysed in this book; some of
这本书中分析的几个语法错误；一些
them still hold true but at least one of them is at best outmoded and at
他们仍然是正确的，但至少有一个是最好的过时和过时的
worst, bogus in the first place. The irony concerning Robert Lowth’s
最糟糕的是，一开始是假的。关于罗伯特·洛思的讽刺

grammar lessons 语法课程25条

influence on English grammar is that his book was written as a guide to
对英语语法的影响是，他的书是作为一本语法指南而写的
correct English usage for his son Thomas and was never intended to be
他儿子托马斯的英语用法是正确的，他从来没有打算这样做
published, let alone spark centuries of argument and rancour.
出版，更不用说引发几个世纪的争论和怨恨了。
Lowth’s rules were taken up by a whole generation of Victorian
洛斯的规则被维多利亚时代的整整一代人接受了
grammarians, who followed his ideas that you could apply the grammatical
语法学家，他们遵循他的观点，认为你可以应用
rules of Latin to modern English. Unfortunately, this rather spurious
拉丁语到现代英语的规则。不幸的是，这是相当虚假的
premise has caused the entire furore. The Olde School stick to the rules
前提引起了整个骚动。这所古老的学校遵守规则
stringently as a badge of status and superiority over the New Skool whom
作为地位和优越感的象征
they believe are ill-educated and only semi-literate. The New Skool, with
他们认为他们没有受过良好的教育，只有半文盲。新款Skool
some justification, view their detractors as stuffy, elitist snobs.
一些人认为，他们的批评者是乏味的，精英势利。
The two grammar camps are poles apart and will never be reconciled so
这两个语法阵营是两极分化的，永远不会如此调和
perhaps it is time to try and find a third way. In my opinion, the English
也许是时候试着找到第三条路了。在我看来，英国人
language is under much less threat from sloppy usage or the influence of
语言很少受到草率使用或语言影响的威胁
modern technology than it is from the language of modern marketing and
现代技术比它更是源于现代营销的语言
commerce. The Greek term ‘pleonasm’ refers to unnecessary words placed
商业。希腊术语“pleonasm”指的是不必要的词
next to each other to produce largely redundant phrases. Advertising is full
相邻产生大量多余的短语。广告满了
of pleonasms such as ‘extra bonus’ and ‘free gift’ or even ‘extra bonus free
例如“额外奖金”和“免费礼物”甚至“额外奖金免费”
gift’ just in case you didn’t quite grasp the concept first time round.
以防你第一次不太理解这个概念。
Knowing and being able to spot such nonsense is a valuable skill and
知道并能够发现这些废话是一项宝贵的技能和技能
preserving a sense of clarity and quality of expression in written and spoken
保持书面和口头表达的清晰感和质量
language is also vital so as to see through all the bilge and balderdash. This,
语言也是至关重要的，以便看穿所有的污垢和秃顶。这个，
more than anything else, is a viable argument for understanding some of the
最重要的是，有一个可行的理由来理解
‘essential rules’ and knowing when it is OK to break them. In this view,
“基本规则”，知道什么时候可以打破它们。从这个角度来看，
grammar does matter, for frankly horrible phrases such as ‘blue-sky
语法确实很重要，坦白说，像“蓝天”这样的可怕短语
thinking’ only stem from cloudy thoughts.
“思考”只源于模糊的想法。
Joseph Piercy
约瑟夫·皮尔西