悠悠乐英语 English idioms 教师用书英语习得 2021-06-17

The Perfect English Grammar Workbook: Simple Rules and Quizzes to Master Today’s English 完美英语语法手册简单的规则和测验掌握今天的英语

The Perfect English Grammar Workbook

1.0
WHY WE NEED GRAMMAR
为什么我们需要语法
2.0
GRAMMAR AND COMPOSITION
语法与作文
General Writing Tips
一般写作技巧
Before You Begin
开始之前
Starting to Write
开始写了
Structure
结构
Transitions
过渡
Common Pitfalls
常见陷阱
Editing
编辑
3.0
PARTS OF SPEECH
词类
4.0
SPELLING AND STYLE
拼写和样式
How to Improve Your Spelling
如何提高你的拼写
Common Spelling Errors
常见拼写错误
Affixes and Common Spelling Rules
词缀和常见拼写规则
Contractions
收缩
Possessive Pitfalls
占有陷阱
Dates and Times
日期和时间
Numbers
数字
5.0
SENTENCE STRUCTURE
句子结构
Subjects and Predicates
主语和谓语
Subject-Verb Agreement
主谓一致
Objects
物体
Clauses
条款
Subordinators
从属连词
Phrases
短语
Complements
补充
Misplaced Modifiers
修饰语错位
Parallel Construction
平行结构
VERBS
动词
Conjugation
共轭
Person
人
Number
数字
Aspect and Tense
体和时态
Mood
心情
Voice
声音
Action Verbs and Linking Verbs
动作动词与连动动词
Modal Verbs
情态动词
Consistent Tense and Sequence of Tenses
一致时态与时态序列
Phrasal Verbs
短语动词
Verbals
普通用语
7.0
DETERMINERS
限定词
8.0
NOUNS
名词
Compound Nouns
复合名词
Possessives
所有格
Collective Nouns
集合名词
Count Nouns and Noncount Nouns
计数名词与非计数名词
Definite and Indefinite Articles with Nouns Plurals
名词复数定冠词和不定冠词
Proper Nouns
专有名词
“Verbing” Nouns
“冗长的”名词
9.0
ABBREVIATIONS
缩写
Initialisms
初始值
Acronyms
缩略语
Shortened and Clipped Forms
缩略形式
Portmanteaus
波特曼图
Pluralizing Abbreviations
复数缩写
10.0
PRONOUNS
代词
Personal Pronouns
人称代词
Subject and Object Pronouns
主语和宾语代词
Possessives
所有格
Pronoun Agreement
代词一致
Reflexive and Intensive Pronouns
反身代词和强化代词
Relative Pronouns
关系代词
Demonstratives
指示词
Interrogative Pronouns
疑问代词
Indefinite Pronouns
不定代词
10.10
Dummy Subjects
虚拟对象
11.0
ADJECTIVES
形容词
Order of Adjectives
形容词的次序
Comparatives and Superlatives
比较级和最高级
Proper Adjectives
恰当形容词
Compound Adjectives
复合形容词
Indefinite Adjectives
不定形容词
Intensifiers
增强器
12.0
ADVERBS
副词
Conjunctive Adverbs
连词副词
Sentence Adverbs
句子副词
13.0
PREPOSITIONS
介词
14.0
CONJUNCTIONS
连词
Coordinating Conjunctions
并列连词
14.2
Correlative Conjunctions
相关连词
Subordinating Conjunctions
从属连词
15.0
INTERJECTIONS
感叹词
16.0
PUNCTUATION
标点符号
End-of-Sentence Punctuation
句尾标点
Joining Punctuation
连接标点
Dividing Punctuation
分隔标点
All About Commas
关于逗号
17.0
USAGE AND STYLE TIPS
用法和样式提示
Word Usage
词语用法
When Spell-Check Won’t Help
当拼写检查没用的时候
Grammar Conventions
语法惯例
Clichés and Wordiness
陈词滥调é冗长冗长
Grammar Myths
语法神话
Glossary
词汇表
Further Reading
进一步阅读

GRAMMAR AND COMPOSITION

HOW TO USE THIS WORKBOOK ON AN EBOOK DEVICE
如何在电子书设备上使用此工作簿
This workbook is meant to be interactive. If you’re reading this on a touch screen device, you can add notes to this ebook and highlight text just like
此工作簿是交互式的。如果你在触摸屏上读这个屏幕设备，你可以添加笔记到这本电子书和突出显示文本就像
you would in a physical workbook.
你可以在一个物理工作簿。
Some sections will prompt you to write in answers or personal responses.
有些部分会提示你写下答案或个人回应。
It’s easy—give it a try right here: ___________.
很容易就在这里尝试一下。
With your finger, tap and hold for a few moments on the line above.
用你的手指在上面的线上轻拍并保持几分钟。
Depending on the device you’re using, an icon such as a magnifying glass
根据您使用的设备，图标（如放大镜
will appear. Lift your finger and you’ll see an options menu. Select “Note”
将出现。抬起你的手指，你会看到一个选项菜单。选择“备注”
to add and save your own text. When you’re done, an icon or highlighted
添加和保存您自己的文本。完成后，图标或
area will remain, which you can always return to and tap if you want to
区域将保留，您可以随时返回并点击
reopen and read or edit your note.
重新打开并阅读或编辑笔记。
The same tap-and-hold options menu offers “Highlight” or “Color,” which
相同的点击和保持选项菜单提供“突出显示”或“颜色”，其中
you can select if you want to highlight a passage or “check” a box.
您可以选择是否要突出显示一段或“选中”一个框。
Experiment with it: By swiping your finger before releasing you can select
尝试一下：在释放前用手指滑动，你可以选择
entire sentences or paragraphs. The options menu also offers “Bookmark”
完整的句子或段落。“选项”菜单还提供“书签”
for when you want quick access back to certain pages.
当您想快速访问某些页面时。
This method is the same on nearly all touch-screen ebook devices, but some
这种方法在几乎所有的触摸屏电子书设备上都是一样的，但有些设备上是一样的
have slight variations. If you’d like more information specific to the device
有轻微的变化。如果您想了解更多有关该设备的信息
you’re holding in your hands, a quick online search will yield best results.
你手里拿着，快速的在线搜索会得到最好的结果。

INTRODUCTION
导言
a linguist, an editor, and now a teacher—and a person who has loved
他是一位语言学家，一位编辑，现在是一位老师，也是一位深爱他的人
words her whole life—I love taking language apart to see how it works,
我喜欢把语言拆开看看它是怎么工作的，
playing with it, and seeing what I can do with it. I spent years in graduate
玩它，看看我能用它做什么。我在研究生院呆了几年
school studying Slavic languages and then more years in journalism; now I
学校学习斯拉夫语，然后从事新闻工作多年；现在我
teach news editing at a university. I’m a total geek about grammar, and I’m
在大学教新闻编辑。我是个语法奇才
not ashamed to admit it. But I’m definitely not a “grammar cop.” I like the
不羞于承认。但我绝对不是“语法警察”。我喜欢
label grammar cheerleader a lot better, because grammar is a remarkable
给语法啦啦队贴上更好的标签，因为语法是一个了不起的概念
thing and a great tool for us, so we should give it a hearty hoorah from time
对我们来说，这是一个很好的工具，所以我们应该时不时地为它欢呼一声
to time.
为了时间。
Having worked in both academia and journalism, I approach language
我曾在学术界和新闻界工作过，接触过语言
from several points of view: scholar, writer, and reader. I recognize that
从几个角度：学者、作家和读者。我知道
living languages change, so grammar advice from a century or even a
活的语言是变化的，所以语法建议从一个世纪甚至一个世纪
couple of decades ago may not still be applicable today. But I also
几十年前可能还不适用于今天。但我也
recognize that when you’re trying to communicate clearly, with credibility
当你试图用可信的方式清晰地沟通时，要认识到这一点
and authority, there’s a set of current standards you need to follow so that
权威方面，你需要遵循一套现行的标准
readers focus on what you’re saying rather than how you’re saying it.
读者关注的是你在说什么，而不是你怎么说。
(Anyone who’s ever made a typo on the Internet understands this.)
（任何在互联网上打过错字的人都明白这一点。）
Teaching has given me new insight on grammar, though: Many people
不过，教学让我对语法有了新的见解：很多人
are apprehensive about writing and public speaking because they’re not
担心写作和演讲，因为他们不是
confident in their grammar skills. The fact that some guidebooks are
对他们的语法技巧很有信心。事实上有些旅游指南
complicated or snobby doesn’t help. So I’ve made it a priority to
复杂或势利无助。所以我优先考虑
“demystify” grammar:
“去神秘化”语法：
It’s just a machine we all use already that occasionally has some tricky
这只是一台我们都已经使用过的机器，偶尔会有一些棘手的问题
parts. Once you learn the tricky parts, you can use that machine like a pro.
部分。一旦你学会了棘手的部分，你就可以像专业人士一样使用那台机器。
A poster in my office reads, “Grammar is not a secret code.” It is a
我办公室里的一张海报上写着：“语法不是密码。”它是一个密码
code, sort of, but it’s certainly not a secret. Grammar is for everyone, and
有点像密码，但这肯定不是秘密。语法对每个人都适用，而且
everyone deserves to feel confident using it. The bigger point is that I wrote
每个人都应该自信地使用它。更重要的是我写了
this book not to scold, but to support. It’s for writers who want to learn
这本书不是要骂，而是要支持。是给那些想学习的作家的
more about language and how to use it according to current professional
更多关于语言和如何使用它根据目前的专业
standards. Grammar doesn’t have to be confusing and it doesn’t have to be
标准。语法不一定要混乱，也不一定要混乱
technical. It does take some practice—that’s what this book offers—and
技术。这确实需要一些练习，这就是这本书所提供的
with practice, you’ll be perfect.
通过练习，你会变得完美。

Grammar is not a secret code

How to Use This Book
如何使用本书
This book is designed to quickly explain grammar rules and guidelines and
本书旨在快速解释语法规则和指导原则，以及
to give you practice with them. The individual topics are sorted into
给你练习。各个主题被分类为
seventeen chapters, which you don’t have to do in order. In fact, you can
十七章，你不必按顺序去做。事实上，你可以
skip around however you’d like. Search for something specific or browse
随便你想怎么跳。搜索特定的或浏览的内容
the table of contents to see what you want to work on.
目录，以查看您想处理什么。
Each topic includes a brief explanation and a few examples, and most
每个主题都包括一个简短的解释和几个例子，而且大多数
have a practice exercise for you to try. At the end of each chapter, there’s a
做一个练习练习，让你试试。在每一章的结尾，有一个
quiz that covers material from the whole chapter. The practice exercises and
涵盖整个章节材料的测验。练习练习和
chapter quizzes are designed to make it fast and easy for you to check your
章节测验旨在使你快速、轻松地检查你的
work—all the answers are provided at the end of the book (here).
工作所有的答案都在书的结尾（这里）提供。
Grammar is a big, broad subject, and a book of this type can’t cover it
语法是一门大而广泛的学科，这种类型的书不能涵盖它
all. The topics in this book were chosen because they’re the most common
全部。这本书的主题是因为它们是最常见的
areas where people get confused or make mistakes. For an easy-to-use
人们困惑或犯错的地方。方便使用
reference guide, the original Perfect English Grammar handbook is a great
参考指南，原《完美英语语法手册》是一本很棒的
choice (this book was written as a companion to it). For deeper or more
选择（这本书是作为它的伙伴写的）。对于更深或更多
comprehensive questions, consult the “Further Reading” section here.
综合性问题，请参阅此处的“进一步阅读”部分。
A note about “Muphry’s Law” (no, that’s not a typo): This “law” states
关于“穆弗里定律”的一个注释（不，那不是一个类型）：这条“法律”指出
that any given piece of writing that attempts to offer language advice or
任何试图提供语言建议的书面作品或
correct mistakes in language will itself contain an error. Everything has
语言中的正确错误本身将包含错误。什么都有
been done to present you with a perfect book about perfect grammar, but
已经为你提供了一本关于完美语法的完美书，但是
any time human beings are involved, there’s the possibility for error. I offer
任何时候人类都有可能出错。我提供
apologies in advance if a mistake slipped through.
如果错误发生，请提前道歉。
What Does This Book Mean by “Perfect English
这本书的意思是“完美的英语”
Grammar”?
语法“？
You might have heard the saying “The perfect is the enemy of the good,”
你可能听说过“完美是善的敌人”
meaning that if you fiddle with something too long to make it “perfect,”
意思是如果你在做一些太久的事情时，不能使它“完美”
you’ll either never get it done or make a mess of it in the process. I like
你要么永远也做不到，要么在这个过程中把它搞得一团糟。我喜欢
Vince Lombardi’s take better: “We are going to relentlessly chase
文斯·伦巴迪的表现更好：“我们将无情地追逐
perfection, knowing full well we will not catch it … because in the process
完美，充分了解我们不会抓住它…因为在这个过程中
we will catch excellence.”
我们将抓住卓越。”
Even if we hit only “excellent,” “perfect” grammar is a good standard to
即使我们只打“优秀”，“完美”语法也是一个很好的标准
aspire to—it opens doors for you academically and professionally, and it
渴望它为你在学术和专业上打开大门，而且
helps you communicate your information and ideas clearly. For the
帮助你清楚地传达你的信息和想法。对于
purposes of this book, I’m using a broader definition of “grammar”: not just
本书的目的是，我使用了一个更广泛的“语法”定义：不仅仅
morphology and syntax, but all the rules and guidelines that govern
形态和语法，但所有的规则和指导原则
language use, including spelling, punctuation, and usage. We have to
语言使用，包括拼写、标点和用法。我们必须
understand the rules before we know when and why to break them (yes, we
在我们知道何时何地打破规则之前，先了解规则（是的，我们
do break them sometimes). You won’t want to blindly follow rules, but
有时要打破它们）。你不想盲目遵守规则，但是
instead use them—or ignore them—to make your language clear and
相反，使用它们或忽略它们来明确你的语言
interesting.
很有趣。
The guidelines in this book reflect “standard American English”—that
本书中的指导方针反映了“标准美国英语”——即
is, the English that’s considered typical for an educated professional, the
是的，被认为是受过教育的专业人士的典型英语
English you’ll see in books and magazines, the English you’ll hear on TV
你会在书刊上看到英语，你会在电视上听到的英语
news and in the classroom. This doesn’t mean that other ways of speaking
新闻和教室里。这并不意味着其他的说话方式
and writing are bad or less valid—they aren’t—it just means that if you’re
写作是不好的或者不那么有效，这并不意味着如果你是
writing and speaking professionally, you’ll probably want to follow this
专业写作和演讲，你可能会想遵循以下的原则
standard to reach a broad range of people and establish credibility with
标准，达到广泛的人，建立信誉
them.
他们。
One other twist: Because living languages change, “perfect grammar” is
另一个转折点：因为生活语言改变，“完美语法”是
going to be a moving target over the course of your life. Once you have a
在你一生中都会成为一个移动目标。一旦你有了
solid grounding in the fundamental parts of the language, though, you’ll be
但是，你将在语言的基本部分建立坚实的基础
able to adjust easily and thoughtfully to changes as they come.
能够在变化来临时轻松、深思熟虑地调整。

完美英语语法手册简单的规则和测验

Grammar greatness―with simple rules, exercises, and quizzes.
语法的伟大——简单的规则，练习和测验。
Mastering English grammar has never been easier. The Perfect English Grammar Workbook is a complete explanation of standard American English and an irreplaceable resource for students, ESL learners, and anyone else who’s serious about mistake-free speaking and writing.
掌握英语语法从来没有那么容易。完善的英语语法手册是对美国标准英语的完整解释，是学生、英语学习者和任何认真对待无误口语和写作的人不可替代的资源。
From punctuation and prepositions to adverbs and abbreviations, this grammar workbook provides simple and straightforward guides to every part of English grammar. With classroom-style lessons you can practice your skills with dozens of helpful exercises. Afterwards, check your progress with comprehensive end-of-chapter quizzes.
从标点和介词到副词和缩略语，这本语法手册为英语语法的每一部分提供了简单而直接的指导。通过课堂教学，你可以通过几十个有益的练习练习你的技能。然后，在第四章的期末测验中检查你的进度。
The Perfect English Grammar Workbook includes:
完善的英语语法工作簿包括：
Modern rules for modern writers―Make sure your skills are up to date with a grammar workbook featuring the latest rules for learning English.
现代作家的现代规则——确保你的技能是最新的语法手册，其中包括最新的英语学习规则。
Focused lessons―Master grammar over the course of 17 chapters―each divided into individual sections so you can focus on one idea at a time.
重点课——掌握17章的语法，每个章节都分为各个部分，这样你就可以一次专注于一个想法。
Exercises, quizzes, and more―This grammar workbook is filled with handy practice exercises and quizzes that will help you test what you’ve learned.
练习、测验和更多——这个语法练习册里充满了方便的练习练习和测验，这些练习和测验将帮助你测试你学到的东西。
Never misplace a comma again―The Perfect English Grammar Workbook makes it easy.
不要再把逗号放错了——完美的英语语法练习册使它变得容易。